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| Use air hammer to:
Break asphalt, concrete, stone, or other pavement; loosen earth, dig clay,
or break rock, to |
| trim bottom or sides of
trenches or other excavations; drill holes in concrete; reduce size of
large stones; or |
| tamp earth in
backfills. |
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| Cabinetmakers and Bench
Carpenters cut, shape, and assemble wooden articles or set up and operate
a variety of |
| woodworking machines,
such as power saws, jointers, and mortisers to surface, cut, or shape
lumber or to fabricate |
| parts for wood
products. |
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| Carpet installers first
inspect the surface to be covered to determine its condition then they
measure the area to |
| be carpeted and plan
the layout, keeping in mind expected traffic patterns and placement of
seams for best |
| appearance and maximum
wear. When installing wall-to-wall carpet without tacks, installers first
fasten a tackless |
| strip to the floor,
next to the wall. They then install the padded cushion or underlay. Next,
they roll out, |
| measure, mark, and cut
the carpet, allowing for 2 to 3 inches of extra carpet for the final
fitting. Using a device |
| called a knee kicker,
they position the carpet, stretching it to fit evenly on the floor and
snugly against each |
| wall and door
threshold. They then cut off the excess carpet. Finally, using a power
stretcher, they stretch the |
| carpet, hooking it to
the tackless strip to hold it in place. The installers then finish the
edges using a wall |
| trimmer. |
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| Cement masons and
concrete finishers place and finish the concrete. They also may color
concrete surfaces; expose |
| aggregate (small
stones) in walls and sidewalks; or fabricate concrete beams, columns, and
panels. In preparing a |
| site for placing
concrete, cement masons first set the forms for holding the concrete and
properly align them. They |
| then direct the casting
of the concrete and supervise laborers who use shovels or special tools to
spread it. |
| Masons then guide a
straightedge back and forth across the top of the forms to screed, or
level, the freshly placed |
| concrete. Immediately
after leveling the concrete, masons carefully smooth the concrete surface
with a bull float |
| that covers the coarser
materials in the concrete and brings a rich mixture of fine cement paste
to the surface. |
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| Construction laborers
perform a wide range of physically demanding tasks involving building and
highway |
| construction, tunnel
and shaft excavation, hazardous waste removal, environmental remediation,
and demolition. |
| Although the term
laborer implies work that requires relatively little skill or training,
many tasks that these |
| workers perform require
a fairly high level of training and experience. Construction laborers
clean and prepare |
| construction sites to
eliminate possible hazards, dig trenches, mix and place concrete, and set
braces to support |
| the sides of
excavations. They load, unload, identify, and distribute building
materials to the appropriate |
| location according to
project plans and specifications on building construction
projects. |
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| Crane and Tower
Operators operate mechanical boom and cable or tower and cable equipment
to lift and move |
| materials, machines, or
products in many directions. |
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| Dragline Operators
operate power-driven crane equipment with dragline bucket to excavate or
move sand, gravel, mud, |
| or other
materials. |
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| Drywall and Ceiling
Tile Installers apply plasterboard or other wallboard to ceilings or
interior walls of |
| buildings. Apply or
mount acoustical tiles or blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing
materials to ceilings |
| and walls of buildings
to reduce or reflect sound. Materials may be of decorative quality.
Include lathers who |
| fasten wooden, metal,
or rockboard lath to walls, ceilings or partitions of buildings to provide
support base for |
| plaster, fire-proofing,
or acoustical material. Excludes Carpenters and Tile and Marble
Setters. |
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| Earth Drillers, Except
Oil and Gas operate a variety of drills--such as rotary, churn, and
pneumatic--to tap |
| sub-surface water and
salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil
testing, and to |
| facilitate the use of
explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Include
horizontal and earth boring |
| machine
operators. |
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| Excavating and Loading
Machine Operators operate machinery equipped with scoops, |
| shovels, or buckets to
excavate and load loose materials. |
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| Excavating and Loading
Machine and Dragline Operators operate or tend machinery equipped with
scoops, shovels, or |
| buckets, to excavate
and load loose materials. This consolidated benchmark includes Excavating
and Loading Machine |
| Operators and Dragline
Operators. |
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| Fence Erectors erect
and repair metal and wooden fences and fence gates around highways,
industrial establishments, |
| residences, or farms,
using hand and power tools. |
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| Floor installers, or
floor layers, apply blocks, strips, or sheets of shock-absorbing,
sound-deadening, or |
| decorative coverings to
floors and cabinets using rollers, knives, trowels, sanding machines, and
other tools. Some |
| floor covering
materials are designed to be purely decorative. Others have more
specialized purposes, such as to |
| deaden sound, to absorb
shocks, or to create air-tight environments. Before installing the floor,
floor layers |
| inspect the surface to
be covered and, if necessary, correct any imperfections in order to start
with a smooth, |
| clean foundation. They
measure and cut floor covering materials, such as rubber, vinyl, linoleum,
or cork, and any |
| foundation material,
such as felt, according to designated blueprints. Next, they may nail or
staple a wood |
| underlayment to the
surface or may use an adhesive to cement the foundation material to the
floor; the foundation |
| helps to deaden sound
and prevents the top floor covering from wearing at board joints. Finally,
floor layers |
| install the top
covering. |
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| Glaziers are
responsible for selecting, cutting, installing, replacing, and removing
all types of glass. They |
| generally work on one
of several types of projects. Residential glazing involves work such as
replacing glass in |
| home windows;
installing glass mirrors, shower doors, and bathtub enclosures; and
fitting glass for tabletops and |
| display cases. On
commercial interior projects, glaziers install items such as heavy, often
etched, decorative room |
| dividers or security
windows. |
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| Tile installers,
tilesetters, and marble setters apply hard tile and marble to floors,
walls, ceilings, and roof |
| decks. Tile is durable,
impervious to water, and easy to clean, making it a popular building
material in hospitals, |
| tunnels, lobbies of
buildings, bathrooms, and kitchens. |
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| Hazardous materials
removal workers identify, remove, package, transport, and dispose of
various hazardous |
| materials, including
asbestos, lead, and radioactive and nuclear materials. The removal of
hazardous materials, or |
| hazmats, from public
places and the environment also is called abatement, remediation, and
decontamination. |
| Hazardous materials
removal workers use a variety of tools and equipment, depending on the
work at hand. Equipment |
| ranges from brooms to
personal protective suits that completely isolate workers from the
hazardous material. |
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| Highway Maintenance
Workers maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and
rights-of-way. |
| Duties include patching
broken or eroded pavement, repairing guard rails, highway markers, and
snow fences. May |
| also mow or clear brush
from along road or plow snow from roadway. |
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| Hoist and Winch
Operators operate or tend hoists or winches to lift and pull loads using
power-operated cable |
| equipment. |
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| Insulation workers
cement, staple, wire, tape, or spray insulation. When covering a
steampipe, for example, |
| insulation workers
measure and cut sections of insulation to the proper length, stretch it
open along a cut that |
| runs the length of the
material, and slip it over the pipe. They fasten the insulation with
adhesive, staples, |
| tape, or wire bands.
Sometimes, they wrap a cover of aluminum, plastic, or canvas over the
insulation and cement or |
| band the cover in
place. Insulation workers may screw on sheet metal around insulated pipes
to protect the |
| insulation from weather
conditions or physical abuse. |
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| Manufactured building
and mobile home installers move or install homes or prefabricated
buildings. |
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| Painters apply paint,
stain, varnish, and other finishes to buildings and other structures. They
choose the right |
| paint or finish for the
surface to be covered, taking into account durability, ease of handling,
method of |
| application, and
customersÆ wishes. Painters first prepare the surfaces to be covered, so
that the paint will |
| adhere properly. This
may require removing the old coat of paint by stripping, sanding, wire
brushing, burning, or |
| water and abrasive
blasting. Painters also wash walls and trim to remove dirt and grease,
fill nail holes and |
| cracks, sandpaper rough
spots, and brush off dust. On new surfaces, they apply a primer or sealer
to prepare the |
| surface for the finish
coat. |
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| Paperhangers cover
walls and ceilings with decorative wall coverings made of paper, vinyl, or
fabric. They first |
| prepare the surface to
be covered by applying ôsizing,ö which seals the surface and makes the
covering stick |
| better. When
redecorating, they may first remove the old covering by soaking, steaming,
or applying solvents. When |
| necessary, they patch
holes and take care of other imperfections before hanging the new wall
covering. |
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| Paving, Surfacing, and
Tamping Equipment Operators operate equipment used for applying concrete,
asphalt, or other |
| materials to road beds,
parking lots, or airport runways and taxiways, or equipment used for
tamping gravel, dirt, |
| or other materials.
Include concrete and asphalt paving machine operators, form tampers,
tamping machine operators, |
| and stone spreader
operators. |
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| Piledriver operators
operate piledrivers - large machines, mounted on skids, barges, or cranes,
that hammer piles |
| into the ground. Piles
are long heavy beams of wood or steel driven into the ground to support
retaining walls, |
| bulkheads, bridges,
piers, or building foundations. Some piledriver operators work on offshore
oil rigs. Piledriver |
| operators move hand and
foot levers and turn valves to activate, position, and control the
pile-driving equipment. |
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| Pipelayers lay clay,
concrete, plastic, or cast-iron pipe for drains, sewers, water mains, and
oil or gas lines. |
| Before laying the pipe,
pipelayers prepare and grade the trenches either manually or with
machines. |
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| Plasterers apply
plaster to interior walls and ceilings to form fire-resistant and
relatively soundproof surfaces. |
| They also apply plaster
veneer over drywall to create smooth or textured abrasion-resistant
finishes. In addition, |
| plasterers install
prefabricated exterior insulation systems over existing walls for good
insulation and |
| interesting
architectural effects and cast ornamental designs in plaster. Stucco
masons apply durable plasters, |
| such as polymer-based
acrylic finishes and stucco, to exterior surfaces. |
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| Reinforcing iron and
rebar workers set reinforcing bars (often called rebar) in the forms that
hold concrete, |
| following blueprints
showing the location, size, and number of bars. They then fasten the bars
together by tying |
| wire around them with
pliers. When reinforcing floors, ironworkers place spacers under the rebar
to hold the bars |
| off the deck. Although
these materials usually arrive ready to use, ironworkers occasionally must
cut bars with |
| metal shears or
acetylene torches, bend them by hand or machine, or weld them with
arc-welding equipment. Some |
| concrete is reinforced
with welded wire fabric. Using hooked rods, workers cut and fit the
fabric, and while a |
| concrete crew places
the concrete, ironworkers properly position the fabric into the
concrete.. |
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| Riggers set up or
repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging
yards, ships and |
| shipyards, or for the
entertainment industry. |
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| Roofers repair and
install roofs made of tar or asphalt and gravel; rubber or thermoplastic;
metal; or shingles |
| made of asphalt, slate,
fiberglass, wood, tile, or other material. Repair and reroofing replacing
old roofs on |
| existing buildings
provide many job opportunities for these workers. Roofers also may
waterproof foundation walls |
| and
floors. |
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| Segmental pavers lay
out, cut, and install pavers, which are flat pieces of masonry usually
made from compacted |
| concrete or brick.
Pavers are used to pave paths, patios, playgrounds, driveways, and steps.
They are manufactured |
| in various textures and
often interlock together to form an attractive pattern. Segmental pavers
first prepare the |
| site by removing the
existing pavement or soil. They grade the remaining soil to the proper
depth and determine the |
| amount of base material
that is needed, which depends on the local soil conditions. They then
install and compact |
| the base material, a
granular material that compacts easily, and lay the pavers from the center
out, so that any |
| trimmed pieces will be
on the outside rather than in the center. Then, they install edging
materials to prevent the |
| pavers from shifting
and fill the spaces between the pavers with dry sand. |
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| Sheet metal workers
make, install, and maintain heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
duct systems; roofs; |
| siding; rain gutters;
downspouts; skylights; restaurant equipment; outdoor signs; railroad cars;
tailgates; |
| customized precision
equipment; and many other products made from metal sheets. They also may
work with fiberglass |
| and plastic materials.
Although some workers specialize in fabrication, installation, or
maintenance, most do all |
| three jobs. Sheet metal
workers do both construction-related sheet metal work and mass production
of sheet metal |
| products in
manufacturing. |
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| Structural and
reinforcing iron and metal workers place and install iron or steel
girders, columns, and other |
| construction materials
to form buildings, bridges, and other structures. They also position and
secure steel bars |
| or mesh in concrete
forms in order to reinforce the concrete used in highways, buildings,
bridges, tunnels, and |
| other structures. In
addition, they repair and renovate older buildings and structures. Even
though the primary |
| metal involved in this
work is steel, these workers often are known as ironworkers. |
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| Tapers seal joints
between plasterboard or other wallboard to prepare wall surface for
painting or papering. |
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