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| |
|
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|
|
| Architects, Except
Landscape and Naval plan and design structures, such as private
residences, office buildings, |
| theaters, factories,
and other structural property. Architects provide professional services to
individuals and |
| organizations planning
a construction project. They may be involved in all phases of development,
from the initial |
| discussion with the
client through the entire construction process. Their duties require
specific skillsùdesigning, |
| engineering, managing,
supervising, and communicating with clients and builders. Architects spend
a great deal of |
| time explaining their
ideas to clients, construction contractors, and others. Successful
architects must be able to |
| communicate their
unique vision persuasively. |
|
|
|
|
| Landscape architects
work for many types of organizations from real estate development firms
starting new projects |
| to municipalities
constructing airports or parks and they often are involved with the
development of a site from |
| its conception. Working
with architects, surveyors, and engineers, landscape architects help
determine the best |
| arrangement of roads
and buildings. They also collaborate with environmental scientists,
foresters, and other |
| professionals to find
the best way to conserve or restore natural resources. Once these
decisions are made, |
| landscape architects
create detailed plans indicating new topography, vegetation, walkways, and
other landscaping |
| details, such as
fountains and decorative features.After studying and analyzing the site,
landscape architects |
| prepare a preliminary
design. To account for the needs of the client as well as the conditions
at the site, they |
| frequently make changes
before a final design is approved. They also take into account any local,
State, or Federal |
| regulations, such as
those protecting wetlands or historic resources |
|
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| |
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| |
|
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|
|
| Biochemists study the
chemical composition of living things. They analyze the complex chemical
combinations and |
| reactions involved in
metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. Biochemists and molecular
biologists do most |
| of their work in the
field of biotechnology, which involves understanding the complex chemistry
of life. |
| Biophysicists study the
application of principles of physics, such as electrical and mechanical
energy and related |
| phenomena, to living
cells and organisms. |
|
|
|
|
| Biological Technicians
assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories. |
| They set up, operate,
and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments,
make observations, |
| and calculate and
record results. May analyze organic substances, such as blood, food, and
drugs. |
|
|
|
|
| Chemists and materials
scientists search for and use new knowledge about chemicals. Chemical
research has led to |
| the discovery and
development of new and improved synthetic fibers, paints, adhesives,
drugs, cosmetics, electronic |
| components, lubricants,
and thousands of other products. Chemists and materials scientists also
develop processes |
| that save energy and
reduce pollution, such as improved oil refining and petrochemical
processing methods. Research |
| on the chemistry of
living things spurs advances in medicine, agriculture, food processing,
and other fields. |
|
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| |
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| |
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|
|
| Architectural drafters
draw architectural and structural features of buildings and other
structures. These workers |
| may specialize in a
type of structure, such as residential or commercial, or in a kind of
material used, such as |
| reinforced concrete,
masonry, steel, or timber. Civil drafters prepare drawings and
topographical and relief maps |
| used in major
construction or civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges,
pipelines, flood control |
| projects, and water and
sewage systems. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter I prepares
drawings of simple, easily visualized structures, systems, parts or
equipment from sketches or |
| marked-up prints.
Selects appropriate templates or uses a compass and other equipment needed
to complete |
| assignments. Drawings
fit familiar patterns and present few technical problems. Supervisor
provides detailed |
| instructions on new
assignments, gives guidance when questions arise, and reviews completed
work for accuracy. |
| Traditionally, drafters
sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens, compasses, protractors,
triangles, and other |
| drafting devices to
prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use computer-aided design
and drafting (CADD) |
| systems to prepare
drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter II prepares
various drawings of such units as construction projects or parts and
assemblies, including |
| various views,
sectional profiles, irregular or reverse curves, hidden lines, and small
or intricate details. Work |
| requires use of most of
the conventional drafting techniques and a working knowledge of the terms
and procedures of |
| the occupation. Makes
arithmetic computations using standard formulas. Familiar or recurring
work is assigned in |
| general terms.
Unfamiliar assignments include information on methods, procedures, sources
of information, and |
| precedents to follow.
Simple revisions to existing drawings may be assigned with a verbal
explanation of the |
| desired results. More
complex revisions are produced from sketches or specifications which
clearly depict the |
| desired
product.Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils,
pens, compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter III prepares
complete sets of complex drawings which include multiple views, detail
drawings, and assembly |
| drawings. Drawings
include complex design features that require considerable drafting skill
to visualize and |
| portray. Assignments
regularly require the use of mathematical formulas to draw land contours
or to compute |
| weights, center of
gravity, load capacities, dimensions, quantities of material, etc. Works
from sketches, models, |
| and verbal information
supplied by an engineer, architect, or designer to determine the most
appropriate views, |
| detail drawings, and
supplementary information needed to complete assignments. Selects required
information from |
| precedents,
manufacturersÆ catalogs, and technical guides. Independently resolves most
of the problems |
| encountered. Supervisor
or design originator may suggest methods of approach or provide advice on
unusually |
| difficult
problems.Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils,
pens, compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter IV works
closely with design originators, preparing drawings of
unusual, |
| complex, or original
designs which require a high degree of precision. Performs unusually
difficult |
| assignmentsrequiring
considerable initiative, resourcefulness, and drafting expertise. Assures
that anticipated |
| problems in
manufacture, assembly, installation, and operation are resolved by the
drawings produced. Exercises |
| independent judgment in
selecting and interpreting data based on a knowledge of the design intent.
Although working |
| primarily as a drafter,
may occasionally interpret general designs prepared by others to complete
minor details. |
| May provide advice and
guidance to lower level drafters or serve as coordinator and planner for
large and complex |
| drafting projects.
Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens,
compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical drafters
prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and
repair electrical |
| equipment and wiring in
communication centers, powerplants, electrical distribution systems, and
buildings. |
| Electronics drafters
draw wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, schematics, and
layout drawings used in |
| the manufacture,
installation, and repair of electronic devices and
components. |
|
|
|
|
| Mechanical drafters
prepare detail and assembly drawings of a wide variety of machinery and
mechanical devices, |
| indicating dimensions,
fastening methods, and other requirements. |
|
|
|
|
| Traditional land
surveyors establish official land, air space, and water boundaries. They
write descriptions of |
| land for deeds, leases,
and other legal documents; define airspace for airports; and measure
construction and |
| mineral sites. Other
surveyors provide data relevant to the shape, contour, location,
elevation, or dimension of |
| land or land features.
Cartographers compile geographic, political, and cultural information and
prepare maps of |
| large areas.
Photogrammetrists measure and analyze aerial photographs that are
subsequently used to prepare |
| detailed maps and
drawings. Surveying technicians assist land surveyors by operating survey
instruments and |
| collecting information
in the field and by performing computations and computer-aided drafting in
offices. Mapping |
| technicians calculate
mapmaking information from field notes. They also draw topographical maps
and verify their |
| accuracy. |
|
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| |
|
|
|
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| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agricultural engineers
apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to
agriculture. They design |
| agricultural machinery
and equipment and agricultural structures. Some specialties include power
systems and |
| machinery design;
structures and environment; and food and bioprocess engineering. They
develop ways to conserve |
| soil and water and to
improve the processing of agricultural products. Agricultural engineers
work in research and |
| development,
production, sales, or management. |
|
|
|
|
| By combining biology
and medicine with engineering, biomedical engineers develop |
| devices and procedures
that solve medical and health-related problems. Many do research, along
with life |
| scientists, chemists,
and medical scientists, to develop and evaluate systems and products for
use in the fields of |
| biology and health,
such as artificial organs, prostheses (artificial devices that replace
missing body parts), |
| instrumentation,
medical information systems, and health management and care delivery
systems. (See biological |
| scientists, medical
scientists, and chemists and materials scientists elsewhere in the
Handbook.) Biomedical |
| engineers design
devices used in various medical procedures, such as the computers used to
analyze blood or the |
| laser systems used in
corrective eye surgery. They develop artificial organs, imaging systems
such as magnetic |
| resonance, ultrasound,
and x-ray, and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling
body functions. Most |
| engineers in this
specialty require a sound background in one of the basic engineering
specialties, such as |
| mechanical or
electronics engineering, in addition to specialized biomedical training.
Some specialties within |
| biomedical engineering
include biomaterials, biomechanics, medical imaging, rehabilitation
engineering, and |
| rthopedic engineering.
Unlike many other engineering specialties, a graduate degree is
recommended or required for |
| many entry-level
jobs. |
|
|
|
|
| Chemical engineers
build a bridge between science and manufacturing, applying the principles
of chemistry and |
| engineering to solve
problems involving the production or use of chemicals. They design
equipment and develop |
| processes for
large-scale chemical manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing
products and treating |
| byproducts, and
supervise production. Chemical engineers also work in a variety of
manufacturing industries other |
| than chemical
manufacturing, such as those producing electronics, photographic
equipment, clothing, and pulp and |
| paper. They also work
in the healthcare, biotechnology, and business services
industries. |
|
|
|
|
| Civil engineers design
and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels,
dams, bridges, and |
| water supply and sewage
systems. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering
disciplines, |
| encompasses many
specialties. The major specialties within civil engineering are
structural, water resources, |
| environmental,
construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. Many civil
engineers hold supervisory |
| or administrative
positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others
may work in design, |
| construction, research,
and teaching. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Computer hardware
engineers research, design, develop, and test computer hardware and
supervise its manufacture and |
| installation. Hardware
refers to computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related
equipment such as |
| keyboards, modems, and
printers. The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that
of electronics |
| engineers, but, unlike
electronics engineers, computer hardware engineers work exclusively with
computers and |
| computer-related
equipment. In addition to design and development duties, computer hardware
engineers may supervise |
| the manufacture and
installation of computers and computer-related equipment. The rapid
advances in computer |
| technology are largely
a result of the research, development, and design efforts of computer
hardware engineers. To |
| keep up with
technological advances, these engineers must continually update their
knowledge. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical and
electronics engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture
of electrical and |
| electronic equipment.
Some of this equipment includes broadcast and communications systems;
electric motors, |
| machinery controls,
lighting, and wiring in buildings, automobiles, aircraft, and radar and
navigation systems; and |
| power generating,
controlling, and transmission devices used by electric utilities.
Electrical and electronics |
| engineers specialize in
different areas such as power generation, transmission, and distribution;
communications; |
| and electrical
equipment manufacturing, or a specialty within one of these
areasùindustrial robot control systems |
| or aviation
electronics, for example. Electrical and electronics engineers design new
products, write performance |
| requirements, and
develop maintenance schedules. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer 1 as
entry-level engineers perform assignments designed to develop professional
work knowledge and |
| abilities. May also
receive formal classroom or seminartype training. Works under close
supervision. Receives |
| specific and detailed
instructions as to required tasks and results expected. Work is checked
during progress and |
| is reviewed for
accuracy upon completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer II performs
routine engineering work requiring application of standard techniques,
procedures, and |
| criteria in carrying
out a sequence of related engineering tasks. Limited exercise of judgment
is required on |
| details of work and in
making preliminary selections and adaptations of engineering alternatives.
Requires work |
| experience acquired in
an entry-level position, or appropriate graduate-level study. For training
and developmental |
| purposes, assignments
may include some work that is typical of a higher level. Supervisor
screens assignments for |
| unusual or difficult
problems and selects techniques and procedures to be applied on
non-routine work. Receives |
| close supervision on
new aspects of assignments. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer III
independently evaluates, selects, and applies standard engineering
techniques, procedures, and |
| criteria, using
judgment in making minor adaptations and modifications. Assignments have
clear and specified |
| objectives and require
the investigation of a limited number of variables. Performance at this
level requires |
| developmental
experience in a professional position, or equivalent graduate-level
education. Direction received: |
| Receives instructions
on specific assignment objectives, complex features, and possible
solutions. Assistance is |
| furnished on unusual
problems and work is reviewed for application of sound professional
judgment. Performs work |
| which involves
conventional types of plans, investigations, surveys, structures, or
equipment with relatively few |
| complex features for
which there are precedents. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer IV being
knowledgeable in all conventional aspects of the subject matter or the
functional area of the |
| assignments, plans and
conducts work requiring judgment in the independent evaluation, selection,
and substantial |
| adaptation and
modification of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria. Devises new
approaches to problems |
| encountered. Requires
sufficient professional experience to assure competence as a fully trained
worker; or, for |
| positions primarily of
a research nature, completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree
may be substituted |
| for experience.
Direction received: Independently performs most assignments with
instructions as to the general |
| results expected.
Receives technical guidance on unusual or complex problems and supervisory
approval on proposed |
| plans for projects.
Typical duties and responsibilities: Plans, schedules, conducts, or
coordinates detailed |
| phases of the
engineering work in a part of a major project or in a total project of
moderate scope. Performs work |
| which involves
conventional engineering practice but may include a variety of complex
features such as conflicting |
| design requirements,
unsuitability of standard materials, and difficult coordination
requirements. Work requires a |
| broad knowledge of
precedents in the specialty area and a good knowledge of principles and
practices of related |
| specialties.
Responsibility for the direction of others: May supervise a few engineers
or technicians on assigned |
| work. |
|
|
|
|
| Using the principles of
biology and chemistry, environmental engineers develop solutions to
environmental problems. |
| They are involved in
water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public
health issues. |
| Environmental engineers
conduct hazardous-waste management studies in which they evaluate the
significance of the |
| hazard, offer analysis
on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps.
They design |
| municipal water supply
and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They conduct research on
proposed environmental |
| projects, analyze
scientific data, and perform quality control checks. Environmental
engineers are concerned with |
| local and worldwide
environmental issues. They study and attempt to minimize the effects of
acid rain, global |
| warming, automobile
emissions, and ozone depletion. They also are involved in the protection
of wildlife. |
|
|
|
|
| Industrial engineers
determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of
productionùpeople, machines, |
| materials, information,
and energyùto make a product or to provide a service. They are the bridge
between |
| management goals and
operational performance. They are more concerned with increasing
productivity through the |
| management of people,
methods of business organization, and technology than are engineers in
other specialties, who |
| generally work more
with products or processes. Although most industrial engineers work in
manufacturing |
| industries, they may
also work in consulting services, healthcare, and
communications. |
|
|
|
|
| Mechanical engineers
research, develop, design, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines,
and other |
| mechanical devices.
They work on power-producing machines such as electric generators,
internal combustion engines, |
| and steam and gas
turbines. They also develop power-using machines such as refrigeration and
air-conditioning |
| equipment, machine
tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial
production equipment, and |
| robots used in
manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also design tools that other engineers
need for their work. The |
| field of
nanotechnology, which involves the creation of high-performance materials
and components by integrating |
| atoms and molecules, is
introducing entirely new principles to the design process. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Mining and geological
engineers find, extract, and prepare coal, metals, and minerals for use by
manufacturing |
| industries and
utilities. They design open pit and underground mines, often using
computers; supervise the |
| construction of mine
shafts and tunnels in underground operations; and devise methods for
transporting minerals to |
| processing plants.
Mining engineers are responsible for the safe, economical, and
environmentally sound operation |
| of mines. Some mining
engineers work with geologists and metallurgical engineers to locate and
appraise new ore |
| deposits. Others
develop new mining equipment or direct mineral processing operations to
separate minerals from the |
| dirt, rock, and other
materials with which they are mixed. Mining engineers frequently
specialize in the mining of |
| one mineral or metal,
such as coal or gold. With increased emphasis on protecting the
environment, many mining |
| engineers work to solve
problems related to land reclamation and water and air
pollution. |
|
|
|
|
| Nuclear Engineers
conduct research on nuclear engineering problems or apply principles and
theory of nuclear |
| science to problems
concerned with release, control, and utilization of nuclear energy and
nuclear waste disposal. |
| Nuclear engineers
research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to
derive benefits from nuclear |
| energy and radiation.
They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate
power. They may |
| work on the nuclear
fuel cycleùthe production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe
disposal of waste |
| produced by the
generation of nuclear energyùor on the production of fusion energy. Some
specialize in the |
| development of nuclear
power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for
radioactive |
| materials, such as
equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. |
|
|
|
|
| Petroleum engineers
work with geologists and other specialists to understand the |
| geologic formation and
properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling
methods to be used, |
| and monitor drilling
and production operations. They design equipment and processes to achieve
the maximum |
| profitable recovery of
oil and gas. Petroleum engineers rely heavily on computer models to
simulate reservoir |
| performance using
different recovery techniques. They also use computer models for
simulations of the effects of |
| various drilling
options. |
|
|
|
|
| Health and Safety
Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors promote worksite
or product safety by |
| applying knowledge of
industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, psychology, and industrial
health and safety |
| laws. Include
industrial product safety engineers. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aerospace engineering
and operations technicians install, construct, maintain, and test systems
used to test, |
| launch, or track
aircraft and space vehicles. They may calibrate test equipment and
determine causes of equipment |
| malfunctions. Using
computer and communications systems, aerospace engineering and operations
technicians often |
| record and interpret
test data. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil I performs simple, routine tasks under close supervision or from
detailed procedures. |
| Work is checked in
progress and on completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil II performs standard or prescribed assignments involving a sequence
of related |
| operations. Follows
standard work methods and receives detailed instructions on unfamiliar
assignments. Technical |
| adequacy of routine
work is assessed upon completion; non-routine work is reviewed in
progress. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil III performs assignments which include nonstandard |
| applications, analyses
or tests; or the use of complex instruments. Selects or adapts standard
procedures using |
| fully applicable
precedents. Receives initial instructions, requirements and advice as
needed; performs recurring |
| work independently.
Work is reviewed for technical adequacy and conformance with
instructions. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil IV plans and performs non-routine assignments of substantial variety
and complexity. |
| Selects appropriate
guidelines to resolve problems which are not fully covered by precedents.
Performs recurring |
| work independently,
receiving technical advice as needed. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil V performs non-routine and complex assignments involving
responsibility for planning |
| and conducting a
complete project of limited scope or a portion of a larger, more complex
project. Selects and |
| adapts techniques,
designs, or layouts. Reviews, analyzes and interprets the technical work
of others. Completed |
| work is reviewed for
technical adequacy. Recommendations for major changes or costly
alterations to basic designs |
| are approved by
supervisor. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil VI independently plans and accomplishes complete conventional
projects or serves as |
| an expert in a narrow
aspect of a civil engineering field. Applies creativity and judgment to
plan projects, |
| resolve design
problems, and adapt equipment, procedures, or techniques. Recommendations,
plans, designs, and |
| reports are reviewed
for general adequacy and soundness of engineering judgment. Supervisor
provides advice on |
| unusual or
controversial problems or policy matters. May direct or train lower level
technicians. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Civil engineering
technicians help civil engineers to plan and build highways, buildings,
bridges, dams, |
| wastewater treatment
systems, and other structures, and to do related research. Some estimate
construction costs |
| and specify materials
to be used, and some may even prepare drawings or perform land-surveying
duties. Others may |
| set up and monitor
instruments used to study traffic conditions. |
|
|
|
|
| Electromechanical
engineering technicians combine fundamental principles of mechanical
engineering technology with |
| knowledge of electrical
and electronic circuits to design, develop, test, and manufacture
electrical and |
| computer-controlled
mechanical systems. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical and
electronics engineering technicians help to design, develop, test, and
manufacture electrical and |
| electronic equipment
such as communication equipment, radar, industrial and medical measuring
or control devices, |
| navigational equipment,
and computers. They may work in product evaluation and testing, using
measuring and |
| diagnostic devices to
adjust, test, and repair equipment. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
I performs simple routine tasks under close supervision or from detailed
procedures. Work is |
| checked in progress or
on completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
II performs standardized or prescribed assignments involving a sequence of
related |
| operations. Follows
standard work methods on recurring assignments but receives explicit
instructions on unfamiliar |
| assignments. May become
familiar with the operation and design of equipment and with maintenance
procedures and |
| standards. Technical
adequacy of routine work is reviewed on completion; non-routine work may
also be reviewed in |
| pro gress. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
III prforms assignments that are not completely standardized or
prescribed. Selects or |
| adapts standard
procedures or equipment, using precedents that are not fully applicable.
Receives initial |
| instruction, equipment
requirements, and advice from supervisor or engineer as needed; performs
recurring work |
| independently; work is
reviewed for technical adequacy or conformity with
instructions. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
IV performs non-routine assignments of substantial variety and complexity,
using operational |
| precedents which are
not fully applicable. Such assignments, which are typically parts of
broader assignments, are |
| screened to eliminate
unusual design problems. May also plan such assignments. Receives
technical advice from |
| supervisor or engineer;
work is reviewed for technical adequacy (or conformity with instructions).
May be assisted |
| by lower level
technicians and have frequent contact with professionals and others within
the establishment. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Environmental
engineering technicians work closely with environmental engineers and
scientists in developing |
| methods and devices
used in the prevention, control, or correction of environmental hazards.
They inspect and |
| maintain equipment
affecting air pollution and recycling. Some inspect water and wastewater
treatment systems to |
| ensure that pollution
control requirements are met. |
|
|
|
|
| Environmental Science
and Protection Technicians, Including Health perform laboratory and field
tests to monitor |
| the environment and
inve |